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KAPPA -- Kernel Application Package
1.13
User's Guide

Starlink User Note 95.39
Malcolm J. Currie & David S. Berry
2012 May 2

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Joint Astronomy Centre
Science & Technology Facilities Council

Starlink Software Collection

Retrieve hardcopy

Abstract
Introduction
- Background
- Rôle of KAPPA
- Functionality of KAPPA
  - Applications
  - General
- This document
Tutorials
- From the C-shell
- From ICL
Getting started
- Running KAPPA
- Issuing Commands
- Obtaining Help
- Changing the Current Directory in ICL
- Exiting an Application
Parameters
- Summary
- Defaults
- Globals
- Strings
- Arrays
- Abort and Null
- Help
- Menus
- Environment Variables
- Specifying Parameter Values on Command Lines
- Special Keywords: ACCEPT, PROMPT, RESET
- MIN and MAX parameter values
- Specifying Groups of Objects
- Output Parameters
Verbosity of Messages
Graphics Devices and Files
- Selecting a Graphics Device
  - Global Parameters
  - X-windows
- Composite Hardcopy Plots
Plotting Styles and Attributes
- Plotting Styles and Attributes
- Specifying a Plotting Style
- Establishing Defaults for Plotting Attributes
- Graphical Escape Sequences
- Descriptions of Plotting Attributes
Data structures
- Restrictions on the Usage of Data Structures
- Looking at the Data Structures
- Editing the Data Structures
- Native Format
NDF Sections
- Specifying Lower and Upper Bounds
- Specifying Centre and Extent
- Using World or Axis Co-ordinates to Specify Sections
- Specifying Fractional Extents
- Changing Dimensionality
- Mixing Bounds Expressions
NDF History
- Control and Content of History Recording
- Adding Commentary to History Recording
- Listing History Records
The Graphics Database
- The Graphics Database in Action
- Other Graphics Database Facilities
- The Co-ordinate Frames Associated with a Picture
- The Graphics Database File
- Working With PostScript Files
Using World Co-ordinate Systems
- Pixel Indices, Pixel Co-ordinates, and Grid Co-ordinates
- Co-ordinate Frames, Axes and Domains
- FrameSets, and the Current Frame
- Reserved Domain Names
- Specifying a Co-ordinate Frame
- Propagation of WCS Information
- Reading WCS Information Stored in Other Forms
- Using SETSKY to Add a Celestial Co-ordinate Frame to an NDF
- Converting an AXIS structure to a SpecFrame
- Frame Attributes
Interaction Mode
Graphics Device Colour Table and Palette
- Lookup Tables
- Manipulating Colour Tables
- Creating Lookup Tables
  - From a Text File
  - Running LUTEDIT
- Palette
- Persistence of Palettes and Colour Tables
Masking, Bad Values, and Quality
- Bad-pixel Masking
- Quality Masking
- Removing bad pixels
Using Quality Names
- Introduction
- Quality Names
- Quality Expressions
Processing Groups of Data Files
- Applications that Process Groups of NDFs
- What about the other Parameters?
- Output Parameters
- What Happens if an Error Occurs?
- What about Applications that Re-use Parameters?
- Introducing a Pause Between Invocations
- Reporting the Data Files being Processed
- The Syntax for Specifying Groups of Data Files
- Using non-NDF Data Formats
- Disabling Multiple Invocations of Applications
Getting Data into KAPPA
- Automatic Conversion
- Other Routes for Data Import
- FITS readers
  - Reading FITS Tapes
  - Reading FITS Files
- The FITS Airlock
Procedures
- C-shell scripts
- ICL Procedures
Problems Problems
- Errors
- No Match
- Unable to Obtain Work Space
- Application Automatically Picks up the Wrong NDF
- Unable to Store a Picture in the Graphics Database
- Line Graphics are Invisible on an Graphics Device
- Error Obtaining a Locator to a Slice of an HDS array
- Badly placed ()'s
- Attempt to use 'positional' parameter value (x) in an unallocated position
- The choice x is not in the menu. The options are...
- Annotated axes show the wrong co-ordinate system
- ``I've Got This FITS Tape''
- FITSIN does not Recognise my FITS Tape
- It Used to Work...and Weird Errors
Custom KAPPA
- Tasks
- Parameters
- Commands
Acknowledgments
Acknowledging this Software
An Alphabetical Summary of KAPPA Commands
Classified KAPPA commands
Quotas to run KAPPA
Specifications of KAPPA applications
- Explanatory Notes
- ADD - Adds two NDF data structures
- APERADD - Integrates pixel values within an aperture of an NDF
- ARDGEN - Creates a text file describing selected regions of an image
- ARDMASK - Uses an ARD file to set some pixels of an NDF to be bad
- ARDPLOT - Plot regions described in an ARD file
- AXCONV - Expands spaced axes in an NDF into the primitive form
- AXLABEL - Sets a new label value for an axis within an NDF data structure
- AXUNITS - Sets a new units value for an axis within an NDF data structure
- BEAMFIT - Fits beam features in a two-dimensional NDF
- BLOCK - Smooths an NDF using an n-dimensional rectangular box filter.
- CADD - Adds a scalar to an NDF data structure
- CALC - Evaluates a mathematical expression
- CALPOL - Calculates polarisation parameters
- CARPET - Creates a cube representing a carpet plot of an image
- CDIV - Divides an NDF by a scalar
- CENTROID - Finds the centroids of star-like features in an NDF
- CHAIN - Concatenates a series of vectorized NDFs
- CHANMAP - Creates a channel map from a cube NDF by compressing slices along a nominated axis
- CHPIX - Replaces the values of selected pixels in an NDF
- CLINPLOT - Draws a spatial grid of line plots for an axis of a cube NDF
- CMULT - Multiplies an NDF by a scalar
- COLCOMP - Produces a colour composite of up to three two-dimensional NDFs
- COLLAPSE - Reduces the number of axes in an n-dimensional NDF by compressing it along a nominated axis
- COMPADD - Reduces the size of an NDF by adding values in rectangular boxes
- COMPAVE - Reduces the size of an NDF by averaging values in rectangular boxes
- COMPICK - Reduces the size of an NDF by picking equally spaced pixels
- CONTOUR - Contours a two-dimensional NDF
- CONVOLVE - Convolves a pair of one- or two-dimensional NDFs together
- COPYBAD - Copies bad pixels from one NDF file to another
- CREFRAME - Generates a test two-dimensional NDF with a selection of several forms
- CSUB - Subtracts a scalar from an NDF data structure
- CUMULVEC - Sums the values cumulatively in a one-dimensional NDF
- CURSOR - Reports the co-ordinates of positions selected using the cursor
- DISPLAY - Displays a one- or two-dimensional NDF
- DIV - Divides one NDF data structure by another
- DRAWNORTH - Draws arrows parallel to the axes
- DRAWSIG - Draws $\pm$ n standard-deviation lines on a line plot
- ELPROF - Creates a radial or azimuthal profile of a two-dimensional image
- ERASE - Erases an HDS object
- ERRCLIP - Removes pixels with large errors from an NDF
- EXP10 - Takes the base-10 exponential of an NDF data structure
- EXPE - Takes the natural exponential of an NDF data structure
- EXPON - Takes the exponential (specified base) of an NDF data structure
- FFCLEAN - Removes defects from a substantially flat one-, or two-, or three-dimensional NDF
- FILLBAD - Removes regions of bad values from an NDF
- FITSDIN - Reads a FITS disc file composed of simple, group or table objects
- FITSEDIT - Edits the FITS extension of an NDF
- FITSEXIST - Inquires whether or not a keyword exists in a FITS extension
- FITSEXP - Exports NDF-extension information into an NDF FITS extension
- FITSHEAD - Lists the headers of FITS files
- FITSIMP - Imports FITS information into an NDF extension
- FITSIN - Reads a FITS tape composed of simple, group or table files
- FITSLIST - Lists the FITS extension of an NDF
- FITSMOD - Edits an NDF FITS extension via a text file or parameters
- FITSTEXT - Creates an NDF FITS extension from a text file
- FITSURFACE - Fits a polynomial surface to two-dimensional data array
- FITSVAL - Reports the value of a keyword in the FITS extension.
- FITSWRITE - Writes a new keyword to the FITS extension
- FLIP - Reverses an NDF's pixels along a specified dimension
- FOURIER - Performs forward and inverse Fourier transforms of one- or two-dimensional NDFs
- GAUSMOOTH - Smooths a one- or two-dimensional image using a Gaussian filter
- GDCLEAR - Clears a graphics device and purges its database entries
- GDNAMES - Shows which graphics devices are available
- GDSET - Selects a current graphics device
- GDSTATE - Shows the current status of a graphics device
- GLITCH - Replaces bad pixels in a two-dimensional NDF with the local median
- GLOBALS - Displays the values of the KAPPA global parameters
- HISCOM - Adds commentary to the history of an NDF
- HISLIST - Lists NDF history records
- HISSET - Sets the NDF history update mode
- HISTAT - Computes ordered statistics for an NDF's pixels using an histogram
- HISTEQ - Performs an histogram equalisation on an NDF
- HISTOGRAM - Computes an histogram of an NDF's values
- INTERLEAVE - Forms a higher-resolution NDF by interleaving a set of NDFs
- KAPHELP - Gives help about KAPPA
- KAPVERSION - Checks the package version number
- KSTEST - Compares data sets using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
- LAPLACE - Performs a Laplacian convolution as an edge detector in a two-dimensional NDF
- LINPLOT - Draws a line plot of the data values in a one-dimensional NDF
- LISTMAKE - Creates a catalogue holding a positions list
- LISTSHOW - Reports the positions stored in a positions list
- LOG10 - Takes the base-10 logarithm of an NDF data structure
- LOGAR - Takes the logarithm (specified base) of an NDF data structure
- LOGE - Takes the natural logarithm of an NDF data structure
- LOOK - List pixel values in a two-dimensional NDF
- LUCY - Performs a Richardson-Lucy deconvolution of a one- or two-dimensional array
- LUTABLE - Manipulates an graphics device colour table
- LUTBGYRW - Loads the BGYRW lookup table
- LUTCOL - Loads the standard colour lookup table
- LUTCOLD - Loads the cold lookup table
- LUTCONT - Loads a lookup table to give the display the appearance of a contour plot
- LUTEDIT - Creates or edits an graphics device colour lookup table
- LUTFC - Loads the standard false-colour lookup table
- LUTGREY - Loads the standard grey-scale lookup table
- LUTHEAT - Loads the heat lookup table
- LUTIKON - Loads the default Ikon lookup table
- LUTNEG - Loads the standard negative grey-scale lookup table
- LUTRAMPS - Loads the coloured-ramps lookup table
- LUTREAD - Loads an graphics device lookup table from an NDF
- LUTSAVE - Saves the current colour table of an graphics device in an NDF
- LUTSPEC - Loads a spectrum-like lookup table
- LUTVIEW - Draws a colour-table key
- LUTWARM - Loads the warm lookup table
- LUTZEBRA - Loads a pseudo-contour lookup table
- MAKESNR - Creates a signal-to-noise array from an NDF with defined variances
- MAKESURFACE - Creates a two-dimensional NDF from the coefficients of a polynomial surface
- MANIC - Change the dimensionality of all or part of an NDF
- MATHS - Evaluates mathematical expressions applied to NDF data structures
- MEDIAN - Smooths a two-dimensional data array using a weighted median filter
- MEM2D - Performs a Maximum-Entropy deconvolution of a two-dimensional NDF
- MFITTREND - Fits independent trends to data lines that are parallel to an axis
- MLINPLOT - Draws a multi-line plot of the data values in a two-dimensional NDF
- MSTATS - Calculate statistics over a group of data arrays or points
- MULT - Multiplies two NDF data structures
- NATIVE - Converts an HDS object to native machine data representation
- NDFCOMPRESS - Compresses an NDF so that it occupies less disk space
- NDFCOPY - Copies an NDF (or NDF section) to a new location
- NDFTRACE - Displays the attributes of an NDF data structure
- NOGLOBALS - Resets the KAPPA global parameters
- NOMAGIC - Replaces all occurrences of magic value pixels in an NDF array with a new value
- NORMALIZE - Normalises one NDF to a similar NDF by calculating a scale factor and zero-point difference
- NUMB - Counts the number of elements of an NDF with values or absolute values above or below a threshold
- ODDEVEN - Removes odd-even defects from a one-dimensional NDF
- OUTLINE - Draws an outline of a two-dimensional NDF
- OUTSET - Mask pixels inside or outside a specified circle in a two-dimensional NDF
- PALDEF - Loads the default palette to a colour table
- PALENTRY - Enters a colour into an graphics device's palette
- PALREAD - Fills the palette of a colour table from an NDF
- PALSAVE - Saves the current palette of a colour table to an NDF
- PARGET - Obtains the value or values of an application parameter
- PASTE - Pastes a series of NDFs upon each other
- PERMAXES - Permute an NDF's pixel axes
- PICBASE - Selects the BASE picture from the graphics database.
- PICCUR - Uses a graphics cursor to change the current picture
- PICDATA - Selects the last DATA picture from the graphics database.
- PICDEF - Defines a new graphics-database FRAME picture or an array of FRAME pictures
- PICEMPTY - Finds the first empty FRAME picture in the graphics database
- PICENTIRE - Finds the first unobscured and unobscuring FRAME picture in the graphics database
- PICFRAME - Selects the last FRAME picture from the graphics database.
- PICGRID - Creates an array of FRAME pictures
- PICIN - Finds the attributes of a picture interior to the current picture
- PICLABEL - Labels the current graphics-database picture
- PICLAST - Selects the last picture from the graphics database.
- PICLIST - Lists the pictures in the graphics database for a device
- PICSEL - Selects a graphics-database picture by its label
- PICTRANS - Transforms a graphics position from one picture co-ordinate Frame to another
- PICVIS - Finds the first unobscured FRAME picture in the graphics database
- PICXY - Creates a new FRAME picture defined by co-ordinate bounds
- PIXDUPE - Expands an NDF by pixel duplication
- PLUCK - Plucks slices from an NDF at arbitrary positions
- POW - Takes the specified power of each pixel of an NDF
- PROFILE - Creates a one-dimensional profile through an n-dimensional NDF
- PROVADD - Stores provenance information in an NDF
- PROVMOD - Modifies provenance information for an NDF
- PROVREM - Removes selected provenance information from an NDF
- PROVSHOW - Displays provenance information for an NDF
- PSF - Determines the parameters of a model star profile by fitting star images in a two-dimensional NDF
- QUALTOBAD - Set selected NDF pixels bad on the basis of Quality
- REGIONMASK - Applies a mask to a region of an NDF
- REGRID - Applies a geometrical transformation to an NDF
- REMQUAL - Removes specified quality definitions from an NDF
- RESHAPE - Reshapes an NDF, treating its arrays as vectors
- RIFT - Adds a scalar to a section of an NDF data structure to correct rift-valley defects
- ROTATE - Rotates a two-dimensional NDF about its centre through any angle
- SCATTER - Displays a scatter plot between data in two NDFs
- SEGMENT - Copies polygonal segments from one NDF into another
- SETAXIS - Sets values for an axis array component within an NDF data structure
- SETBAD - Sets new bad-pixel flag values for an NDF
- SETBB - Sets a new value for the quality bad-bits mask of an NDF
- SETBOUND - Sets new bounds for an NDF
- SETEXT - Manipulates the contents of a specified NDF extension
- SETLABEL - Sets a new label for an NDF data structure
- SETMAGIC - Replaces all occurrences of a given value in an NDF array with the bad value
- SETNORM - Sets a new value for one or all of an NDF's axis-normalisation flags
- SETORIGIN - Sets a new pixel origin for an NDF
- SETQUAL - Assigns a specified quality to selected pixels within an NDF
- SETSKY - Stores new WCS information within an NDF
- SETTITLE - Sets a new title for an NDF data structure
- SETTYPE - Sets a new numeric type for the DATA and VARIANCE components of an NDF
- SETUNITS - Sets a new units value for an NDF data structure
- SETVAR - Sets new values for the VARIANCE component of an NDF data structure
- SHADOW - Enhances edges in a two-dimensional NDF using a shadow effect
- SHOWQUAL - Display the quality names defined in an NDF
- SLIDE - Realigns an NDF using a translation
- SQORST - Squashes or stretches an NDF
- STATS - Computes simple statistics for an NDF's pixels
- SUB - Subtracts one NDF data structure from another
- SUBSTITUTE - Replaces all occurrences of a given value in an NDF array with another value
- SURFIT - Fits a polynomial or bi-cubic spline surface to two-dimensional data array
- THRESH - Edits an NDF to replace values between or outside given limits with specified constant values
- TRANDAT - Converts free-format text data into an NDF
- TRIG - Performs a trigonometric transformation on a NDF
- VECPLOT - Plots a two-dimensional vector map
- WCSADD - Creates a Mapping and optionally adds a new co-ordinate Frame into the WCS component of an NDF
- WCSALIGN - Aligns a group of NDFs using World Co-ordinate System information
- WCSATTRIB - Manages attribute values associated with the WCS component of an NDF
- WCSCOPY - Copies WCS information from one NDF to another
- WCSFRAME - Changes the current co-ordinate Frame in the WCS component of an NDF
- WCSMOSAIC - Tiles a group of NDFs using World Co-ordinate System information
- WCSREMOVE - Remove co-ordinate Frames from the WCS component of an NDF
- WCSSHOW - Examines the internal structure of a WCS description.
- WCSSLIDE - Applies a translational correction to the WCS in an NDF
- WCSTRAN - Transform a position from one NDF co-ordinate Frame to another
- WIENER - Applies a Wiener filter to a one- or two-dimensional array
- ZAPLIN - Replaces regions in a two-dimensional NDF by bad values or by linear interpolation
Standard Named Colours
Using MathMaps
- Defining Transformation Functions
- Calculating Intermediate Values
- Expression Syntax
- Variables
- Literal Constants
- Arithmetic Precision
- Propagation of Missing Data
- Arithmetic Operators
- Logical Operators
- Relational Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Functions
- Symbolic Constants
- Evaluation Precedence and Associativity
Standard Components in an NDF
IMAGE data format
Supported HDS Data Types
Retired Applications
Release Notes--V0.8-5
- Global changes
- New applications
- Modified applications
Release Notes--V0.9
- Global changes
- New applications
- New synonyms
- New procedures
- Withdrawn and renamed applications
- Deprecated features
- Modified applications
Release Notes--V0.10
- Global changes
- New applications
- New synonyms
- Withdrawn applications
- Modified applications
Release Notes--V0.12
- Modified applications
Release Notes--V0.13
- Modified applications
- New applications
Release Notes--V0.13-6
Release Notes--V0.14-5
- Modified applications
- New applications
- Other Changes
Release Notes--V0.15-9
- New applications
- Modified applications
Release Notes--V0.16
- Modified applications
- New applications
Release Notes--V0.18
- New Commands
- Removed Commands
- Modified Commands
- KAPPA Subroutine Libraries
Release Notes--V1.0
- General Changes
- New Commands
- Removed Commands
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.1
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.2
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.3
Release Notes--V1.4
Release Notes--V1.4-1
Release Notes--V1.4-2
Release Notes--V1.5
- New Attributes
- New Commands
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.6
- New Commands
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.7
- New Commands
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.8
- New Commands
- Modified Commands
- General Changes
Release Notes--V1.9
- New Commands
- Modified Commands
- General Changes
Release Notes--V1.10
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.11
- Global changes
- New Commands
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.12
- General Changes
- Modified Commands
Release Notes--V1.13
- General Changes
- Modified Commands
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Next: Abstract

KAPPA -- Kernel Application Package 1.13 User's Guide

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Joint Astronomy Centre Science & Technology Facilities Council

Starlink Software Collection

Contents

KAPPA -- Kernel Application Package
1.13
User's Guide

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Joint Astronomy Centre
Science & Technology Facilities Council